Crime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky - 1708 Words

In Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, great attention is paid to Raskolnikov’s inner life, yet it is equally important to attend to those outside forces that affect him. A significant but overlooked part of the novel, then, is how the city of St. Petersburg affects Raskolnikov. Through my reading, I found it interesting that Raskolnikov regularly traverses the city’s bridges and uses them as a place for reflection. Overall, there are twenty-five appearances of the word â€Å"bridge† in the novel, and so they appear in many different situations, holding many different purposes. First and foremost, they serve as an important narrative device: they provide geographical context, split up scenes, and provide scenes with emphasis by†¦show more content†¦Psychologically, however, this scene is significant because it establishes the bridge as a place of introspection. In this case, it highlights Raskolnikov’s confusion, which only furt her contextualizes his frail emotional and mental state after the murder. Thus, this bridge-scene serves as a simple yet concrete way to advance the plot while conveying Raskolnikov’s mental state. Another scene exemplifying this dual role of bridges occurs during Part Two when Raskolnikov watches a woman attempt to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge. Notably, this scene begins with descriptive imagery of Raskolnikov’s surroundings: he notices â€Å"the last pink gleams of the sunset† on some houses, â€Å"blazing as if aflame†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (168-169). This provides a contrast to the more depressing descriptions of the city found regularly; earlier in the chapter, for example, Raskolnikov is described to inhale â€Å"the stinking, dusty, city-infected air† (154). Thus, in a sense, the bridge can be a place of life and beauty. This mood changes, however, after the woman attempts to take her life. In the aftermath, the narrator reports that Raskolnikov â€Å"looks upon it all with a strange feeling of indifference and detachment. It was disgusting to him† (170). Narratively, this scene is significant as it contains the sub-story of the woman, made possible by the bridge, but there is more to this scene than that. The narratorShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1025 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; is a philosophical crime fiction novel. The story is very powerful in that it goes beyond the book and into the lives of the audience; making the audience feel some type of relation between themselves and the story. Dostoevsky was brilliant in creating a fictional world where the characters seem to be found within the audience, transitioning from a fictional story to a self-help book. He employes many life lessons in the story, whichRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky881 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Divide In Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Raskolnikov faces a split in his con-science. Despite his attempts to achieve and maintain rational self interest, Raskolnikov finds it impossible to escape his own human nature. Throughout the course of the novel, Raskolnikov becomes divided between modernity and morality, and is continuously pulled back towards hu-man nature. From the start, Raskolnikov portrayed clearly that he was not like other people from his time. RaskolnikovRead MoreCrime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky1828 Words   |  8 PagesIxchel Gonzalez Period 3 Book Report December 14, 2015 Crime and Punishment I Crime and Punishment was written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The book was published on 1866 in Russia but then published in English on 1917. The genre of the book is philosophical fiction. II The book Crime and Punishment takes place in St. Petersburg, Russia on 1866 to 1867. The setting is important to the story because it gives the story an unique identity. The setting helps start the storyRead MoreCrime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky1488 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, many of the characters serve as microcosms to the larger story as a whole. The negative portrayal of certain characters suggests that the consequences of living a self-serving and egocentric life are unavoidable, and that they all must compensate for their wrongs. Conversely, the characterization of the more selfless and altruistic characters, suggests that a life filled with positive actions is the noblest lifestyle and will be reciprocatedRead MoreJustice In Crime And Punishment, By Fyodor Dostoevsky1262 Words   |  6 Pages Unanswered Questions In Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoevsky discusses justice, questioning who or what determines this ideal. Primarily, he focuses on a man named Raskolnikov, who murders two women and then wrestles with his motives. As Raskolnikov’s hopeless outlook drives him to madness, his friend Sonia reveals an alternative view of justice, which allows for redemption. Through analyzing his character’s viewpoints, Dostoevsky never explicitly defines justice; instead, he exposes hisRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the interactive oral, I noticed the numerous dreams and hallucinations in the novel Crime and Punishment, but I was not quite able to grasp the deeper meaning of some of the dreams and hallucinations. After this interactive oral, I see how important dreams are in this novel. They serve to illuminate the state of a character in a way that would not otherwise be clear. During this interactive oral, it was pointed out that the dreams in this novel are very influential to a character’s stateRead MoreFyodor Dostoevsky Crime And Punishment Analysis1214 Words   |  5 Pages Dostoevsky’s disapproval on the Superman theory In the novel â€Å"Crime and Punishment†, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky expresses his disapproval of the Ubermensch theory by using his main character; Raskolnikov who tries to become an extraordinary person but fails to do so. Raskolnikov is put in a group where people maintain the idea that man is not actually equal but are divided into two separate groups which are; the ordinary people who are locked within the laws and tradition of society by onlyRead MoreDiction In Crime And Punishment, By Fyodor Dostoevsky806 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Crime and Punishment†, the author, Fyodor Dostoevsky gives the reader a glimpse into the mind of a tormented criminal, by his guilt of a murder. Dostoevsky’s main focal point of the novel doesn’t lie within the crime nor the punishment but within the self-conflicting battle of a man and his guilty conscience. The author portrays tone by mood manipulation and with the use of descriptive diction to bett er express his perspective in the story, bringing the reader into the mind of the murdererRead MoreAnalysis Of Crime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky823 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout part one of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s book Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov encounters events where he judges himself and other people based on perceived vulnerability, dictating whether and how he attempts to change the situations of other characters. At the beginning of the book, the narrator depicts Raskolnikov as an isolated person with no connection to the outside world. In two different scenarios, Raskolnikov observes vulnerable kids and a young teenager at risk for assault but remainsRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fyodor Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, the theme of duality and the conflict between personal desires and morals is present throughout much of the novel. There are dual conflicts: one external between a disillusioned indi vidual and his world, and the other internal between an isolated soul and his inner thoughts. It is the internal conflict in the main character, Raskolnikov, that is the focused on for much of the novel. The first of Rodya’s two sides is his intellectual side. This side

Othello Through Marxism and Formalism - 1481 Words

A.P. Lit/Critical Lens Essay 03-25-13 Who’s Got The Power? Throughout all of human existence, the desire for power has overruled everything. We are constantly trying to be better than the ones around us, and are jealous of those who are on top. In many situations, it seems that no matter how hard we try, we can never get to that point of control that we so badly strive for. In Shakespeare’s tragically deceptive play, â€Å"Othello†, the symbolism and conflict throughout the play continually demonstrates Iago’s struggle to gain power. Through Iago’s miserable fail to obtain the power he so badly aspires, Shakespeare proves that the human race can never be happy with what they have, and that they are always trying to be better than everyone†¦show more content†¦Lets see:-- After some time, to abuse Othellos ear That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected, framed to make women false. The Moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. I havet. It is engenderd. Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the worlds light.† The following situation also proves Iago’s ability to effectively use his power over Othello’s intelligence and jealousy. Othello was very gullible and innocent, so Iago took complete advantage of that. He makes Othello believe that Desdemona is unfaithful toward him with Cassio. He does so through a multitude of ways: â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk to-night already, Hell be as full of quarrel and offence As my young mistress dog.† He gets Cassio drunk, because he knows Cassio will make a fool out of himself, which helps Iago get closer to Othello, and helps gain his respect. Iago also speaks with Desdemona and manipulates her into helping Cassio get his job back, which seems very strange to the jealous Othello. All of these situations prove Iago’s power over Othello’s intelligence, and he gains his control through making Othello fiercely jealous. Each situation of manipulation proves Shakespeare’s characterization of Iago. He was an evil antagonist, and would do anything to get to the top. Due

Seeing And Knowing The Visual Arts Essay Example For Students

Seeing And Knowing The Visual Arts Essay She used three dimensional pictures, animated video, and actual material on board so you can really get a feel of the textures, mood, feeling of the place. She used ally calm and green colors to set the personality of the space; it helps me understand what it would like to actually be in it. Think her representation for this space is mainly to get a good connection between the animals and humans throughout their rehabilitation or when someone is adopting an animal. Its a very open space to make the animals comfortable, but that also goes in hand with the people inside so they can he comfortable with the animals, She made sure to make an outside feel throughout the entire space with frequent patches Of grass in and outside of the building to encourage play with the animals so hey never feel trapped as they could in normal adoption centers. This cant be considered abstract art because while making the space she had intentions of how she wanted it to be done, with a certain meaning. Composition on the other hand, was used very well. With her providing videos, pictures, and materials with texture it allows us to see them all together in a representational form. If she wouldve only showed us pictures or a video the viewer wouldnt have as good of a understanding on how she wanted it to be. There were also forms of three- dimensional objects to give examples of some dimensions that are used in the pace. Angela communicates all of her ideas through words, textures, forms Of Objects, dimensions Of the space, and light and color, this allows the viewers to grasp everything that she wants people to understand. This is why think composition is the biggest use in this piece Of arc There is so much given to the viewer to help them feel like theft there. If she were to leave out the materials that are on the board then we would just see pictures and wouldnt really know what everything is made of, which would leave a pretty blank space for the viewers. Adding them gives a whole other perspective and feel of the space. Ink Angels overall meaning for the space was to make a good environment that allows animal freedom, room for interaction with the animals, and a much better place for them rather than being at a normal rehab center or adoption center. She focuses on helping the animals build a good relationship with potential families and a peaceful place for them to stay while they re waiting to be adopted. I really enjoyed the space she made because I love animals so felt could relate to it pretty well, I dont think she couldve done a better job representing the piece with her own emotions to make a considerate adoption and rehab center,

International Humanitarian Law

International humanitarian law (IHL) is supposed to reduce the disastrous effects of military conflicts. In particular, it is critical to protect people who do not take part in violent confrontations. There have been many developments in IHL; for instance, one can speak about various treaties and agreements signed by the governments of various countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Humanitarian Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, there are many examples showing that the principles imbedded in IHL can be easily violated. So, it is important to explain this paradox. In this case, it is vital to focus on the failure to enforce the principles of IHL and greater media coverage of war brutalities. At first, one should mention that it may be difficult to implement the principles of IHL. The cooperation of different countries is important for achieving this goal. For instance, one can speak about the five members of the Security Council. In many cases, these countries have conflicting interests, and each of them has a right to prohibit any form of intervention into a country in which human rights of non-combatants may be violated (Schweigman 2001, p. 293). For instance, the intervention into Syria was blocked by Russia and China, even though the rights of non-combatants were brutally violated by each of the sides. Additionally, the decision-making in international organisations is very slow, and very often they choose to enforce the principles of IHL only when they have clear evidence of human rights violations. Very often, they respond when it is too late. The most striking example of this problem is the genocide in Rwanda. Peacekeeping organisations knew that the government controlled by Hutu openly advocated the idea of violence against Tutsi (Cook 2004, p. 296). However, they did not take any actions to avert this catastrophe. This is one of the most notorious cases that can be identified. Apart from that, much attention should be paid to behavior of military groups during conflicts. Combatants are often convinced that they are fighting for a just cause. Moreover, in their opinion, this just cause can legitimise every form of violence against civilian population or captives (Schindler 2003, p. 184). The key problem is that this behavior completely undermines their claims about the noble nature of their actions.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This argument is particularly relevant to those cases when military conflicts involve fundamentalist religious groups. People, who belong to these groups, may believe that their acts of violence signify their devotion to God. Such conflicts become more frequent, especially in the Middle East. Moreover, researchers argue that many people, who live in war-ridden countries, do not know about internati onal treaties such as the Geneva Convention (Schindler 2003, p. 185). This is one of the problems that should be taken into account. There is another factor that should be mentioned. Very often private military companies take part in the conflicts between or within states. In many cases, these agents are less willing to comply with the principles of IHL. Moreover, it may be difficult to persecute these organisations (Griffin Cali 2010, p. 254). Additionally, one should remember that some countries have not ratified certain documents which form the basis of IHL. For instance, Saudi Arabia did ratify the Declaration of Human Rights. Apart from that, the governments of some countries believe that any form of humanitarian intervention is the intrusion into the internal policies of the state (International Committee of the Red Cross 2011, p. 23). As a result, people, who are involuntarily involved in military conflicts, become exposed to greater threats. So, it is quite possible to deve lop norms that can reduce the impact of armed conflicts. However, if there are no mechanisms for enforcing these rules, their value will considerably diminish. At the national level, the state can enforce the rules accepted by community members, but one cannot achieve this goal at the international level, because there is no single arbiter. Furthermore, one should keep in mind that the violations of IHL are better reported nowadays. For instance, much attention should be paid to the development of mobile technologies which enable people to share videos and photographs. Therefore, one can gather evidence indicating that fighting groups often violate the rights of non-combatants. These technologies were not available in the first half of the twentieth century, and many violations could simply go unnoticed. Additionally, journalists can better raise people’s awareness about the brutality of war. So, it is not possible to speak only about the inefficiencies of international organ isations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Humanitarian Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, this discussion shows that the increasing number of IHL violations can be attributed to several factors. Admittedly, much attention should be paid to the ineffectiveness of international institutions that are supposed to protect non-combatant citizens from harm. Furthermore, it may be difficult to enforce international norms due to the conflicting interests of the most advanced countries. Finally, one should keep in mind that modern media contribute to the improved reporting of IHL violations. So, contemporary policy-makers better understand the inefficiencies of existing mechanisms that should ensure the functioning of IHL. References Cook, S 2004, Genocide in Cambodia And Rwanda: New Perspectives, Transaction Publishers, New York. Griffin, E Cali, B 2010, ‘International Humanitarian Lawâ₠¬â„¢, In B. Cali (ed), International Law for International Relations, OUP Oxford, Oxford, pp. 234-258. International Committee of the Red Cross 2011, International Humanitarian Law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts. Web. Schindler, D 2003, ‘International Humanitarian Law: Its Remarkable Development and its Persistent Violation’, Journal of the History of International Law, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 165-188. Schweigman, D 2001, The Authority of the Security Council Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter: Legal Limits and the Role of the International Court of Justice, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, New York.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on International Humanitarian Law was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Creating 10x Visual Content With John T. Meyer Of Lemonly

Creating 10x Visual Content With John T. Meyer Of Lemonly Exclusive interviews continue from Garrett Moon’s book, The 10X Marketing Formula, which features top marketing professionals who uncover uncommon marketing mindsets, methods, and growth strategies. In this episode, we’re talking to John T. Meyer, CEO and co-founder of Lemonly, which is a visual marketing firm. John started Lemonly as a way to educate people about how digital media is a way to reach customers, and eventually the business ended up specializing in infographics. Lemonly helped build and pioneer the infographics industry, and it has evolved into visual storytelling the secret sauce. Humans are visual creatures bombarded by messages; infographics make the world less noisy and confusing Infographics transitioned from visualizing data to a storytelling formula, where there is a beginning, middle, and end Core types of stories offer familiarity and ability to predict what will happen Lemonly starts with content by creating an outline that features the goal, 3 main points, and summary/call to action Web of Content: Where will content live to connect and hook pieces on mediums Issues related to driving traffic through visuals on various social media mediums Visuals grab people’s attention, but you need a good story for ROI Other options available, but Lemonly offers person-to-person relationships Examples of 10X ROI results from visual content Infographics fail and don’t live up to full potential when delivery is blurry, squished; don’t do all that work, and then stumble at the end. Links: Lemonly 9 Clouds 10X-Marketing Formula by Garrett Moon Donald Miller’s StoryBrand Canva Infogram Piktochart Pablo by Buffer Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by John T. Meyer: â€Å"We’re going to help really build and pioneer this industry of infographics, and now it’s really evolved to what we call visual storytelling.† â€Å"When we say info, or data, or content, it doesn’t necessarily have to mean quantitative.† â€Å"How do you tell a story in six seconds? I think you can, but it’s a different beast.†

Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland

Alice In Wonderland Alice in Wonderland is a very strange story. I think that this book could have a number of hidden meanings, the most profound of these being Alice’s inner conflict with her own self identity. In this story, I assume that Alice is roughly between the ages of eight and thirteen. These in themselves, are very important years in an adolescents life. These are the pre-pubescent years. These years determine one’s identity before puberty, which in turn, set the stage for the teenage years, and then on to adulthood. In the beginning of this story, and all throughout, Alice is chasing a white rabbit down a dark and unknown hole. I perceive this, to be Alice chasing her innocent childhood into the unknown years of maturity. When Alice is first falling down the hole, she notes that it takes a while and that she has time to notice familiar things along the way, much the same way growing up is. Throughout the story this white rabbit seems to keep popping up and Alice always seems to be following it, searching it out. This goes to show she is not quite ready to give up the childhood that seems to be getting away from her. There are many times in the story where Alice eats little cakes, eats from a mushroom, and drinks a fluid from a bottle. All of these things have a profound effect on Alice’s appearance. All of these things either make her taller or shorter. Which in turn would make her weigh either more or less. This is a very big problem that all teenage girls encounter on a daily basis. Every teen and preteen girl is constantly concerned about her weight. Alice said that she was scared when she was too tall, because it scared others. This was the case with the bird that mistook her for a serpent. Alice was also scared when she was too small. This was the case when she met up with the puppy. This puppy only wanted to play with Alice, but she had to run, for fear that the dog would want to ... Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland ALICE IN WONDERLAND Alice in Wonderland is a fictional story by Lewis Carroll. This book involves more then these 4 characters but these are the only ones I will be talking about. Alice is the main character and she is a young adventurous, nosey and sometimes shy young girl. She has long blonde hair and an unusual composure for a young girl, who finds herself falling down a rabbit hole. She is a bright young girl but she made many mistakes. She grows to be more confident as the story unwinds. The next character is the white rabbit. Alice’s adventures begin when she follows the white rabbit down a rabbit hole. He is a herald and a messenger at the court of the King and Queen of hearts. He carries a pocket watch through out the book; he carries this because he is very worried about being late for his very important date. If he were late, the Queen would probably have his head cut off. Another character is the Cheshire cat, possessing remarkably sharp claws and frightening sharp teeth; the Cheshire cat is courteous and helpful, despite his alarming appearance. His face is fixed in an eerie grin. He can make any and all parts of his body disappear and reappear. Alice has many conflicts with many people in this story. One of them is The Queen Of Hearts who is nasty, brutal, and loud. The Queen delights in ordering executions, although everyone seems to get pardoned in the end. The people of Wonderland are terrified of her. Although Alice initially thinks she is silly, she grows frightened of her. In the end, however, a giant-size Alice is able to stand up to the Queen's temper and her threats. Alice is sitting with her sister outdoors when she sees a White Rabbit with a pocket watch. Fascinated by him, she follows the rabbit down the hole. She falls for a long time, and finds herself in a long hallway full of doors. There is a key on the table, which unlocks a tiny door; through this door, she spots a beautiful garden. She wants to get th... Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland For my last reaction paper I have decided to read Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland which was written by Lewis Carroll. The story starts with Alice sitting outdoors with her sister when she notices a white rabbit with a pocket watch. Fascinated by the rabbit she follows it and soon finds herself falling down a hole. She then finds that she is in a long hallway full of doors. She manages to get out of the hallway by eating a piece of cake with a note that tells her to eat it. The cake made her extremely small and she managed to slip through a door. She then enters a wooded area where she bumps into many strange creatures and people. She bumps into a Caterpillar that would give her some valuable advice about Wonderland. He then gives her a mushroom that can make her grow larger and smaller as she wishes depending on what side she ate. This will become a valuable tool for Alice while she is on her adventure. While in the woods she comes across a little house and shrinks herself down enough to get inside. This is where she encounters a Duchess and the Cook battling fiercely. Alice next meets the Cheshire cat that helps her find her way through the woods, but warns her that everyone she meets will be mad. Alice enters the March Hare’s house where she is treated to a Mad Tea Party. Alice leaves the tea party and finds a tree with a door in it. This is where she started her adventure and goes through another door where she ends up in the garden of the Queen of Hearts. The Queen invites Alice to play croquet, which is a very hard game in Wonderland, as the balls and mallets are live animals. Alice soon encounters more strange creatures such as the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle. The Gryphon then drags Alice to see the trail of the Knave of Hearts. The Knave of Hearts has been accused of stealing the tarts of the Queen of Hearts. Alice is extremely upset by the proceedings and begins to grow larger until she is huge. She is ... Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland 2nd Hour The major themes of Alice in Wonderland are Identity, coming of age, and fantasy vs. reality. Throughout the book Alice goes through experiences and trials to find out who she is. Alice also questions what is true and why it is true. Lewis Carroll uses Alice in his story to explore the many things children have to learn as they grow up. Many times throughout the story Alice is asked, â€Å"Who are you?† just about ever character asks her that. â€Å"At last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice. Who are you?† (p.40) This question confuses Alice at first and them she answers: â€Å"I-I hardly know, sir, just at present- at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then† (p.39) Alice for the first time has questioned who she is and why is she there. The caterpillar in the story is very rude to her and doesn’t want to hear her excuses. This is also the first time Alice encounters someone who does not treat her as a little girl. She has to answer things by herself, and for the first time she is confused and doesn’t know how to answer. â€Å" I can’t explain myself, I’m afraid, sir’ said Alice ‘because I’m not myself, you s ee† (p.39) Alice decides that one possible explanation for why everything is going so strangely for her is that she has been changed into a different person overnight and that she is now experiencing someone else's reality. She wonders over whom she could possibly be if she has changed. She tries to figure out whom she is by determining what she knows and how well she remembers things she has learned. In the story Alice eats and drinks tings to change size. Many of the things she eats or drink changes her appearance. They also give her a different perception on things she encounters. After she falls into the hole she has to get through a door by drinking a mix... Free Essays on Alice in Wonderland Alice In Wonderland Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a novel that appeals not only to children but also to the adult. It is not a fairy tale in the traditional sense of the term. It is an experience of the mind in its process of maturing from childhood to adulthood. During the years when human beings travel through from their childhood to adulthood through adolescence, they are hardly aware of what exactly happened during the process of change. What were the factors that went into making them what they are? Does everything around us exert their influence on us? These are some of the questions that Lewis Carroll tries to answer. He makes an attempt to portray to the readers a picture of how an individual ‘changes’ and what happens in the process of ‘change’. A psychological maturing occurs when Alice finds herself alone and, at times, neglected in the Wonderland. She learns to fend for herself and realizes the need to maintain her identity at all costs. More than once, she is misunderstood by the creatures in Wonderland. It is through her eyes that the author comments on various diverse issues, like hypocrisy, greed, power, and even sexuality. Although the animals in Wonderland are recognizable cartoon figures, due to the changes in size that Alice undergoes, she reacts in fear at times when the normal human reaction would be affection. Children generally like animals. However, here, each animal signifies a human trait. Thus, Alice’s observations enable her to understand certain facts of life, like death and growth. Carroll has much to convey to his readers regarding language. While some of the "nonsense" in Alice is merely for satirical effect, certain pointed statements are really insights into human personality. Besides, since the novel is an outcome of a dream, one cannot tie up the loose ends. This is a deliberate device on the part of Carroll, for this way,... Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland Alice In Wonderland Alice in Wonderland is a very strange story. I think that this book could have a number of hidden meanings, the most profound of these being Alice’s inner conflict with her own self identity. In this story, I assume that Alice is roughly between the ages of eight and thirteen. These in themselves, are very important years in an adolescents life. These are the pre-pubescent years. These years determine one’s identity before puberty, which in turn, set the stage for the teenage years, and then on to adulthood. In the beginning of this story, and all throughout, Alice is chasing a white rabbit down a dark and unknown hole. I perceive this, to be Alice chasing her innocent childhood into the unknown years of maturity. When Alice is first falling down the hole, she notes that it takes a while and that she has time to notice familiar things along the way, much the same way growing up is. Throughout the story this white rabbit seems to keep popping up and Alice always seems to be following it, searching it out. This goes to show she is not quite ready to give up the childhood that seems to be getting away from her. There are many times in the story where Alice eats little cakes, eats from a mushroom, and drinks a fluid from a bottle. All of these things have a profound effect on Alice’s appearance. All of these things either make her taller or shorter. Which in turn would make her weigh either more or less. This is a very big problem that all teenage girls encounter on a daily basis. Every teen and preteen girl is constantly concerned about her weight. Alice said that she was scared when she was too tall, because it scared others. This was the case with the bird that mistook her for a serpent. Alice was also scared when she was too small. This was the case when she met up with the puppy. This puppy only wanted to play with Alice, but she had to run, for fear that the dog would want to ... Free Essays on Alice In Wonderland For my last reaction paper I have decided to read Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland which was written by Lewis Carroll. The story starts with Alice sitting outdoors with her sister when she notices a white rabbit with a pocket watch. Fascinated by the rabbit she follows it and soon finds herself falling down a hole. She then finds that she is in a long hallway full of doors. She manages to get out of the hallway by eating a piece of cake with a note that tells her to eat it. The cake made her extremely small and she managed to slip through a door. She then enters a wooded area where she bumps into many strange creatures and people. She bumps into a Caterpillar that would give her some valuable advice about Wonderland. He then gives her a mushroom that can make her grow larger and smaller as she wishes depending on what side she ate. This will become a valuable tool for Alice while she is on her adventure. While in the woods she comes across a little house and shrinks herself down enough to get inside. This is where she encounters a Duchess and the Cook battling fiercely. Alice next meets the Cheshire cat that helps her find her way through the woods, but warns her that everyone she meets will be mad. Alice enters the March Hare’s house where she is treated to a Mad Tea Party. Alice leaves the tea party and finds a tree with a door in it. This is where she started her adventure and goes through another door where she ends up in the garden of the Queen of Hearts. The Queen invites Alice to play croquet, which is a very hard game in Wonderland, as the balls and mallets are live animals. Alice soon encounters more strange creatures such as the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle. The Gryphon then drags Alice to see the trail of the Knave of Hearts. The Knave of Hearts has been accused of stealing the tarts of the Queen of Hearts. Alice is extremely upset by the proceedings and begins to grow larger until she is huge. She is ...

Drilling in the ANWR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drilling in the ANWR - Essay Example This may be financially much more feasible to the country in general, but in the long term it can have some negative effects. This is because the drilling can cause a lot of problems to the natural habitat. The drilling will cause a damaged environment, one which can not be cured easily. Because of scarcity, choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. For a moment, just have a think about the hundreds of millions of decisions that are made by people in your own country every single day. Take for example the choices that people make in the city of London about how to get to work. Over six million people travel into London each day, they have to make choices about when to travel, whether to use the bus, the tube, to walk or cycle – or indeed whether to work from home. Millions of decisions are being taken, many of them are habitual (we choose the same path each time) – but somehow on most days, people get to work on time and they get home too! This is a remarkable achievement, and for it to happen, our economy must provide the resources and the options for it to happen.† (Tutor 2 u) As the excerpt suggests that the government had the chance and job of making decisions and at times this can get very difficult. The government should have probably allowed for the exploration and the exploitation, however, should have also made sure that the habitat is preserved in the best way possible. These situations are pretty common for governments throughout the

Contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contracts - Assignment Example Consideration of the terms of the contract also constitute a valid contract and it can be seen that this step was taken into account in the formation of this contract. The parties involved have the capacity to contract since they are mature enough to be responsible of their actions and the aspect of legality also exists in this contract and that is the reason why it became binding. 2) In the event that I am Adams’ attorney, I would categorically state that the verbal agreement made between the two parties constitutes a valid contract. By an standard, it can be seen that a valid contract has been formed between Adams and Bill though the verbal agreement they entered into. Bill’s attempt to breach the contract after realising that the restaurant has been making high profits is illegal. 3) Probably with little success in sight, I would try to argue on behalf of Bill that the contract should not be enforced because it was not written. Some people may argue that a verbal agreement is difficult to prove and this is the point I will base my argument

Acquisition Strategy Essay Example for Free

Acquisition Strategy Essay In today’s market it is very important for company’s to remain competive in order to maintain an edge over its competitors. The days that a company can rely on its reputation to continue making profits are gone. Today, everyone is looking to save money by buying less expensive items like economy brands, considering that the diffrences between the two products are similar and the features that are not offered are of little value. This will make a consumer buy the less expensive item. Like consumers, companies are also looking to save money and maximize profit. One way of doing this is through acquisition strategies. Combining the operations of two companies is a very good option for companies that are looking to stregnthening the company’s competincies and competitiveness, this will ultimately open new market opportunities (Gamble/Thompson, p. 119). The benefit of this type of strategy, unlike alliances, they do not go far enough for the resources needed and a very important factor, ownership. In the following paragraphs, I will give two examples of two different companies in different industries and explain how they will stregnthen their market position through acquisiton, to include resources and competive capabilities. The first example I will use it Wells Fargo Co. results from the acquisition of Wachovia Corporation. During the economic crisis Wells Fargo Co. acquired Wachovia Corp in a bail out to keep the bank from going under. At one point Wachovia was Wells Fargo’s competitor. After the acquisiton it made Wells Fargo a banking giant absorbing its competion. Earnings from that acquisition have earned Wells Fargo Financial Co. a 21% earnings since the acquistion, reporting record profits. This acquistion has allowed them to gain market share, this was mostly created by winning new customers. Mortgage loans was the top earner and low rates and prices of homes falling to record lows has allowed the company to grow even in these tough economic times. Additionally, the acquisition of Wacovia Corp. moves Wells Fargo as the second largest bank, second only to Bank of America. The strategy has allowed them to acquire a larger share of the financial market. The second company I will discuss is DuPont Nutrition Health and Applied BioSciences acquisition of Danisco Corp. Once a long time partner of DuPont, is a very good and proven company, is a good fit because of their proven market science business and offers clear synergy for them. The acquisition will make them the clear leader in industrial biotechnology with inovations in global challenges in food production and fossil fuel. This effort will position the company ahead of all rivals addressing dramatic growth in human population in the years to come. Danisco is well established company that has research and application capabilities. This will create a more cost efficient operation of the combined companies. The applications do not need to be duplicated, meaning their buying power will increase, administrative functions do not need to be replicated, and will further create more cost savings by downsizing. This acquisition will also allow them to enter new product categories, for example 65% of Danisco’s revenue comes from specialty foods, product substitution items such as sweetners and enablers. This will allow them to enter renewable materials and addressing food needs. In conclusion, I have discussed Wells Fargo Co. , and how their acquisition of Wachovia Corp has allowed the company to gain a larger geographic coverage has helped it create a more cost efficient operation by allowing to cut overhead costs by elliminating duplicate processes. Second, DuPont Nutrition Health and Applied BioSciences acquisition of Danisco Corporation has allowed DuPont has made them the clear leader in industrial biotechnology with inovations in global challenges in food production and fossil fuel.

Rendell Company Case Study Essay -- Business Case Study Essays, solut

Rendell Company Case Study Executive Summary This report will give us a clear perspective as to what the optimal organizational structure that suits Rendell Company plus some additional control system in attaining the company’s main objectives. We will be also tackling the roles, functions and responsibilities of a controller in an organization. This case takes us into Rendell Company which is currently having problems between the corporate controller and the divisional controller. We assessed the advantages and disadvantages of the organization structure of Martex whether it can be applied and be implemented to Rendell Company in order to resolve the problem. Through the frameworks and issues, we concluded that while current setup would cause some budgetary discrepancies because of the lack of loyalty between the divisional controllers to the corporate controller, changing the organization structure of Martex would cause a disparity between the division manager and the divisional controller thus resulting in an anxiety in their working environment which is too costly as compared to maintaining the current setup. I. Case Context Rendell Company is experiencing some difficulties in implementing its modern control techniques due to the irking relationship between the divisional controller and the corporate controller (Mr. Bevins) resulting in an added fat to the organization’s budgets. Now, with these problems, Mr. Bevins is interested with the organizational structure of Martex if this will be the solution of the current problem. II. Problem definition How Should Rendell resolve the current reporting relationship of the corporate controller and the divisional controllers to achieve goal congruence? Is the controller relationship of Martex better than that of Rendell’s current organizational relationships? III. Framework The group worked out on these following considerations in resolving the issue: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we identify the company objective which is to achieve profitability and growth. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attaining goal congruence within the organization is important to support the company’s main objective. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analysis of the current organization and reporting structure by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment of the proposed organizational set-up (patterned from the set-up of Martex) by evaluating whether implementa... ...ke more active involvement in the budget VI. Basic Justification Since an accounting system is already in place in Rendell, change may not be easily accepted by the concerned divisions. Such changes may cause a dysfunction in the organizational structure since making division controllers report directly to corporate controller might cause destabilization in the structure of authority in the divisions. Loyalty issues may also arise because division managers may feel by-passed or spied-upon which may cause more problems in the long run. Thus, more importance should be given in preserving the power structure in each division. It is better that the company face the problem of having fats in the expense budget rather than give up order in each division and jeopardize the established line of authority. As a conclusion, maintaining the current setup would be better than changing it into the structure of Martex in achieving the goals and objectives of Rendell Company. VII. Operationalize / Implementing our Decision Implementing our decision would include retaining the current setup and adapt changes (as mentioned on our decision) from Martex to reduce the â€Å"fat† in the budget.

Hcs 320 Communication

Communication Opinion Paper Karen Candido-Johnson HCS320 March 18, 2013 Lynn Bell Communication Opinion Paper Communication is expression of meaning through verbal and non-verbal means. It is the basis for relaying all information to another person or persons. We use it every day to tell people how we feel, to inform them of a situation or just to say hi. Effective communication is essential to getting your ideas and thoughts across accurately and understood. Healthcare communication differs since the information is more sensitive than communication, say, between friends.The patient has to be able to effectively give their concerns over to a stranger for the most part and it is the Dr. ’s job to understand that information given. Culture can also play a role too as different ideas about what communication is varies. The basic elements of communication which are listening, body language, speaking, open ended questions, summarizing, emotions and follow up (Hewitt,2009). For effe ctive communication to occur shared understanding must happen (Cheesbro, O’Connor & Rios, 2010) You can have all the basics of communication but unless both parties understand each other then it is just baseless information.The basic elements of effective communication differ from the basic rules of health care because there is often not shared understanding. A provider will receive the information from the patient regarding symptoms and make an informed decision. The Dr. will then try to explain to the patient the problem but it is hard to do so when someone does not have the medical background to understand what the situation is. This makes it difficult for effective communication to occur.In order to have the best chance at effective communication the provider has to encourage the patient to give as much information as possible. Patients may have a difficult time getting across to their Dr. what they are feeling or what is going on. It is then the providers responsibility to coax the patient into relaying the information in a way that they can understand. They can do this by being empathetic with the patient and showing kindness. By being open and friendly they can put the patient at ease and this would make it easier for them to talk about difficult issues they are facing.As McDonald (2006) said engage the patient and move beyond them feeling like an intruder and develop a relationship and report with the patient. Putsch (1985) said communication in health care is a complex issue. Language and cultural barriers complicate the situation. The primary problem is language. This can be fixed with interpreters to some extent, but you still have the basic cultural issues to go through. What one culture might see as not a problem, say loose bowels, could actually be an outlying cause of another more serious issue.There are also cultures where seeing a Dr. is not the way to fix an illness and they rely on homeopathic remedies rather than western medicine. Th is becomes problematic when a Dr. is seeing the patient after all else has failed and they don’t know what caused the symptoms, whether it was the cure or the actual illness. Dr. ’s and nurses have to be careful what they ask and how to speak to a patient because it might cause alarm or be considered rudeness when asked.Most hospitals and health centers now have cultural training to help providers navigate the minefield of problems associated with this. Everyone has some type of communication in their daily lives. It is effortless to most people. Something we do without thinking. In healthcare though, we have to be extra vigilant to make sure the lines of communication stay open. Without effective communication a patient is not able to tell their provider what is wrong and there for the provider will not be able to make a good diagnosis and help cure the patient.References: Cheesebro, T. , O'Connor, L. , ; Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the Workplace  . Pearson Ed ucation Hewitt, D. (2009,  December). Basics of Effective Communication. Live Strong   McDonald, D. D. (2006). Health care communication. New York, United States, New York: Springer Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/189457409? accountid=35812 Putsch MD, R. W. (1985,  December). Cross-cultural Communication The Special Case of Interpreters in Health Care. Journal Of American Medical Association,  254(23).

Quikr vs Olx

SWOT ANALYSIS TEMPLATE Before you sit down to plan the future of your club’s marketing activities, you need to take stock of where your club is now and why you are there. One useful way to get a clear picture of where your club currently sits is by using a SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. By using the SWOT analysis you can identify where your club stands in the market, which provides a useful launch pad for making future marketing plans. Take the time to work through the SWOT process carefully and you will have a clearer idea of: The things your club does well, and the things you need to improve on (strengths and opportunities). †¢ What types of competition exist for your club and which ones can be defended (strengths and threats) †¢ Whether your club needs to change the product itself to protect from outside influences (weaknesses and threats) †¢ Which issues your club needs to make as its priorities (weaknesses a nd opportunities). Strengths When you look at the strengths, concentrate on the club itself and whether it can achieve the outcomes you want.Examples of strengths include: †¢ Strong financial base. †¢ Strong local need for your product, many new members, etc. †¢ Group of skilled volunteers. †¢ Support from local businesses, politicians, etc. †¢ Well-equipped clubhouse. †¢ Committee is well-structured, enthusiastic, capable, etc. Weaknesses Weaknesses often appear as the direct opposite of the strengths listed above and include: †¢ Weak financial base. †¢ Diminishing need or desire for your product, fewer new members, etc. †¢ Few volunteers. †¢ No support from local businesses, politicians, etc. Out of date ill equipped clubhouse. †¢ Committee is poorly structured, overworked, disinterested, etc. Opportunities Opportunities refer to the possibilities of new growth because of the changes in the external environment and can include such things as: †¢ Promotion of sport by government authorities, e. g. renewed ‘Push Play† campaign. †¢ New population of potential users moving into the area, e. g. with children. †¢ Grants by local and national government to encourage sport and recreation. †¢ Organisations looking to sponsor local activities. Seasonal interest in particular sports, e. g cricket in summer, football in winter. †¢ International or national interests the activity your club is involved in, e. g Commonwealth or Olympic Games. †¢ Promotion of your activity to a different age group or gender e. g. lawn bowls to teenagers, rugby to girls. Threats As with strengths and weaknesses, the threats are often very similar to the opportunities. Examples of threats include: †¢ Traditional sponsors of sport and recreation changing the way they spend their sponsorship dollars. Seasonal interest in particular sports or activities which is in direct competition with your o wn, e. g. competing codes of Rugby. †¢ Promotion of sport to different age groups or gender which competes with your club’s interest e. g. ballet and soccer for girls. †¢ Other interests including television, video games, school activities, part-time work for teenagers, and so on. †¢ Time related issues for example, competition for volunteers time, longer working hours, both parents working – children unable to attend, limited available free time for both children and parents. Other organisations with better facilities. †¢ Lack of knowledge and interest in your product. A SWOT Analysis should be drawn up to look like this: |Internal |STRENGTHS |WEAKNESSES | |Factors |Vision : simple and quick |Not having international experience, therefore diversification | |(Things about |Strong funding |might be a problem at later stage. |your club) |Experienced partners: Norwest Venture Partners brings in a lot of |No acquisition till date as a result OLX has s urpassed quikr. | | |experience |Employee base is very low: Need to increase the sales force and| | |Horizontal rather than vertical |target other opportunity to increase market share. | |Customer Centric, not just technology centric : Free missed call | | | |Investment in analytics, mobile platforms | | |External |OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS | |Factors |Internet penetration(10%) is bound to increase |Low entry barrier | |(Things |Internet surfing through mobiles has surpassed PC. Competitors have international experience and deep pockets. | |outside of |Mobile base is huge and recently they have introduced a missed call |Zero switching cost. | |your club) |feature. |Intense Competiton | | |Cloud computing (SaaS, PaaS) could be useful in reducing the cost. | | | |Network Effects | | It’s a great idea to draw this up on a whiteboard or large piece of paper and use as a brainstorming base at a committee meeting.

The Bill of Rights - Text, Origins, and Meaning

The Bill of Rights - Text, Origins, and Meaning The year was 1789. The U.S. Constitution, which had recently passed Congress and been ratified by a majority of states, established the U.S. government as it exists today. But a number of thinkers of the time, including  Thomas Jefferson, were concerned that the Constitution included few explicit guarantees of personal liberty of the sort that had appeared in state constitutions. Jefferson, who was living abroad in Paris at the time as U.S. ambassador to France, wrote to his protege  James Madison  asking him to propose a Bill of Rights of some kind to Congress. Madison agreed. After revising Madisons draft, Congress approved a Bill of Rights and ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution became law. The Bill of Rights was primarily a symbolic document until  the U.S. Supreme Court  established its power to strike down unconstitutional legislation in  Marbury v. Madison  (1803), giving it teeth. It still only applied to federal legislation, however, until  the Fourteenth Amendment  (1866) extended its power to include state law. Its impossible to understand  civil liberties  in the United States without understanding the Bill of Rights. Its text limits both federal and state powers, protecting individual rights from government oppression through the intervention of federal courts. The Bill of Rights is made up of ten separate amendments, dealing with issues ranging from free speech and unjust searches to religious liberty and cruel and unusual punishment. Text of the Bill of Rights The First AmendmentCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The Second AmendmentA well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The Third AmendmentNo soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. The Fourth AmendmentThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The Fifth AmendmentNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. The Sixth AmendmentIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. The Seventh AmendmentIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. The Eighth AmendmentExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. The Ninth AmendmentThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The Tenth AmendmentThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Biography of Clementine Churchill

Biography of Clementine Churchill Born Clementine Ogilvy Hozier, Clementine Churchill (April 1, 1885 – December 12, 1977) was a British noblewoman and the wife of prime minister Winston Churchill. Although she lived a relatively quiet life, she was honored in later life with a Dame Grand Cross and a life peerage in her own right. Fast Facts: Clementine Churchill Full Name:  Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill, Baroness Spencer-ChurchillBorn: April 1, 1885 in London, EnglandDied: December 12, 1977 in London, EnglandKnown For: Born to a minor noble family, Clementine Churchill came to prominence as the wife of prime minister Winston Churchill, receiving several honors in her own right for her charity work.Spouse: Winston Churchill (m. 1908-1965)Children: Diana (1909-1963), Randolph (1911-1968), Sarah (1914-1982), Marigold (1918-1921), Mary (1922-2014) Early Life and Family Officially, Clementine Churchill was the daughter of Sir Henry Hozier and his wife, Lady Blanche Hozier, who was a daughter of David Ogilvy, 10th Earl of Airlie. However, Lady Blanche was infamous for her many affairs. She reportedly claimed that Churchill’s real father was Capt. William George Bay Middleton, a horseman and equerry to Earl Spencer, while others believe that Sir Henry was totally infertile and that all of her children were actually fathered by her brother-in-law Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, Baron Redesdale. Churchill’s parents divorced when she was six, in 1891, due in large part to both of their ongoing and numerous affairs. When she was fourteen, her mother moved the family to Dieppe, a town off the coast in northern France. Their idyllic time there was cut tragically short, though, within a year, when the eldest daughter, Kitty, fell ill with typhoid fever. Churchill and her sister Nellie were sent away to Scotland for their safety, and Kitty died in 1900. 1908: Clementine Ogilvy Hozier before her marriage to Sir Winston Churchill.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images As a girl, Churchill began her education at home under the care of a governess, as many girls of her social class did. Afterwards, she attended the Berkhamsted School for Girls  in Hertfordshire, England. She became secretly engaged- two separate times- to Sir Sidney Peel, a grandson of Queen Victoria’s famous prime minister Sir Robert Peel; Peel was fifteen years her senior and the relationship never worked out. Marriage to Winston Churchill In 1904, Clementine and Winston Churchill first met at a ball held by mutual acquaintances, the Earl and Countess of Crewe. It would be another four years before their paths crossed again, when they were seated next to each other at a dinner party held by a distant cousin of Clementine’s. They developed a rapport very quickly and continued seeing each other and corresponding over the next several months, and by August 1908, they were engaged. Only one month later, on September 12, 1908, the Churchills were married in St. Margarets, Westminster. They took their honeymoon in Baveno, Venice, and Moravia, then returned home to settle down in London. Within a year, they welcomed their first child, their daughter Diana. In total, the couple had five children: Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold, and Mary; all but Marigold survived to adulthood. British statesman Winston Churchill (1874 - 1965) his wife Clementine (1885 - 1977) and their daughter Sarah, leaving for an appointment at Buckingham Palace, 11th May 1933.   Keystone / Getty Images Wars and Between Wars During World War I, Clementine Churchill organized canteens for munitions workers, working with the Young Mens Christian Association of the North East Metropolitan Area of London. This assistance to the war effort earned her an appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918. In the 1930s, Churchill spent some time traveling without her husband. She traveled on Baron Moyne’s yacht on an island cruise. There were rumors that she had an affair with a younger man, art dealer Terence Philip, but they were never confirmed; there were also rumors that Philip was gay. Her trip with the Moynes ended abruptly after an incident in which another guest insulted Winston and the Moynes failed to smooth things over. Winston Churchill became prime minister in 1940, as World War II was breaking out. During the war years, Clementine Churchill again took on roles in aid societies, now with a much higher profile as the wife of the prime minister. She was the chairman of the Red Cross Aid to Russia Fund, the president of the Young Womens Christian Association War Time Appeal, and the chairman of Maternity Hospital for the Wives of Officers. Clementine Churchill surveys a graph of her Aid to Russia Fund in 1944. J. Wilds / Getty Images She was honored again for her efforts, and this time, she was not only honored in her own country. During a tour of Russia at the end of the war, she was awarded a Soviet honor, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Back home, in 1946, she was appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, and her formal title became Dame Clementine Churchill GBE. Over the years, she also received several honorary degrees from the University of Glasgow, the University of Bristol, and Oxford. Widowhood and Later Years In 1965, Winston Churchill died at the age of 90, leaving Clementine as a widow after 56 years of marriage. That year, she was created a life peer, with the title Baroness Spencer-Churchill, of Chartwell in the County of Kent. She remained independent from major party affiliations, but ultimately, her declining health (particularly hearing loss) prevented her from having much of a presence in Parliament. Her two oldest children both predeceased her: Diana in 1963, and Randolph in 1968. Churchill’s final years were marred by financial difficulties, and she had to sell some of her husband’s paintings. On December 12, 1977, Clementine Churchill died at age 92 after suffering a heart attack. She was buried alongside her husband and children at St. Martins Church, Bladon in Oxfordshire. Sources Blakemore, Erin. â€Å"Meet the Woman Behind Winston Churchill.† History, 5 December 2017, https://www.history.com/news/meet-the-woman-behind-winston-churchill.Purnell, Sonia. First Lady: The Private Wars of Clementine Churchill. Aurum Press Limited, 2015.Soames, Mary. Clementine Churchill. Doubleday, 2002.

Major Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major Project - Research Paper Example As such, these states are referred to as the â€Å"right to work states.† The right to work laws legally ensures that the right of workers to make decisions as to whether to be union members or not, is upheld. The institution of these statutes in the states that have accepted them prohibits institution of agreements made between employers and labor unions, which compel employees to pay union fees or be members of unions, either prior to or after being hired (DelPo & Guerin, 2011). Currently, there are 23 states which are considered right-to-work states and the total would be considered 24 because the territory of Guam has also adopted the laws (Cooper, 2004). State statutes are in a constant flux and there may be new members too as other states such as Indiana contemplate instituting the laws. A large number of states that adopted the right-to-work laws did so in the 1940s and 50s after the legislation of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. This act allowed the states to institute the right-to-work laws after the 1935 pro-union Wagner Act was deemed to have given too much power. Currently, 27states as well as the District of Columbia have not yet adopted the rights-to-work laws (Cooper, 2004). The table below shows the legislation timeline for each of the 23 states. Note: It has to be noted that Indiana (1965), New Hampshire, and Delaware (1947) instituted the right-to-work laws in the years within the brackets preceding each state, but they are not included in the table above because they have since then repealed these laws. Prior to the legislation of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947, which permits states to legislate right-to-work laws, the 1935 Wagner Act allowed unions to have exclusive representation powers. This allowed unions to be the voice of all employees in unionized organizations. Under this legislation the union would be recognized as the official employee’s voice if it could be able to secure 50% of the employees’ votes. For example, if an

The Main Goals of Japan Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Main Goals of Japan Economy - Essay Example Catch up effect theory speculates that poorer and richer economies will grow faster than richer nations; this, therefore, means that they will converge at some point in terms of their per capita incomes. In the chart below there is no catch-up effect because developed countries like Japan has a per capita of 30866 as compared to Congos 374 (GAPMINDER, p. 2). Japan is currently ranked number 12, with a human development index of 0.901, compared to the world’s average of 0.682. Human development index shows a three-dimensional measure of human development which includes assessment of health, education, income, inequality, and poverty. With HDI of 0.901, Japan has a very high standard of living and is currently viewed by economists as one of the most expensive countries to live because of its market competitiveness. A lot of expatriates working in Japan live in big cities like Tokyo and Nagoya. The incomes of most of the residents are enough to provide them with the basic necessities. With the very high propensity to consume among the citizens a number of them still have the surplus for their leisure and personal satisfaction. This high standard of living has been on a rising scale from 0.778 to 0.901 between 1980 and 2011 showing a 16% increase (Human Development Indicators, p. 14). Japan is a very strong economy as shown by the above indicators. It has got a very high economic growth as compared to other nations with a free market and industrialized economy; it is ranked the second in the world in terms of wealth. Even though there was a reduced growth in Gross Domestic Product between 2007 and 2009, the economy picked up in 2010 with a GDP growth of 4% which is quite encouraging.  The recent reports confirmed that Japan posted a 1% expansion in the quarter of 2012 over the previous quarter.  Japans economy is also experiencing positive net exports of 1.1% of the Total GDP. Its economy is competitive and efficient on international trade as shown by the net exports, major contributors being the manufacturing and industry sector.

The Monopoly Of Wonks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Monopoly Of Wonks - Essay Example This will enable the firm to fund high cost capital investment spending. Successful research may be used to improve on products and lower cost in the long-term. The government will have a chance to regulate different varieties of products at the same time to prevent exploitation of the consumers by the firm. This will save the government spending on check-ups. The government will also be able to tax the company easily. The government gets much tax revenue in the monopoly companies than in monopolistic competition. In the monopolistic market are free to enter and leave at any time since there are no legal barriers. Lack of restrictions demolishes government effort to collect tax revenue from all the stakeholders. Consumers are likely to buy chips in lower prices since Wonks will be enjoying economics of scale, its production cost will lower transferring this to consumers by charging less cost per unit of potatoes sold. Wonks Company will be a price-maker, since it makes its own pricing and output decisions. In the end, the price of a product will be determined by its cost function, demand, its objectives and certain government regulations. The main objective, which leads Wonks to merge as one firm, is to maximize profit. i.e. T.C. It is expected that in long run, Wonks chips company will increase its output since there are no other players in the market. If it does so, it has to lowers the price. As a result, marginal revenue will be below its price. Perloff, Jeffrey M. (2004). If marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, i.e. M.R>MC, the firm will increase profit by increasing output. If marginal revenue is less than marginal cost (M.R

Global Financial Crisis Essay Example for Free

Global Financial Crisis Essay The Global Financial Crisis can be studied from many different perspectives. Most of the consequences are already being analyzed, and even though new events may still take place; these consequences have impacted, and if not yet detected, they will impact our Society, our Culture, old and new technologies, the commercial and industrial sector and overall our value systems and ethical standards. Global warming is the major issue that would impact Technology, Society and Culture and have an important effect upon our ethics. Most of us expected a great reaction from the biggest economy in the world because the level of consciousness about global warming, had motivated many politicians to act upon it, the financial sector was already in a position to invest in it, and many industrial sectors had made the decision to participate in what could have been called â€Å"The Green Adventure†. â€Å"It took a great war, and all the military industries that fed the carnage, to bring America out of the Depression. But to a surprising degree, the world economy has been riding the strength of its hottest sectors ever since. By the 1990s, it was the rise of the Internet and the network economy, which collapsed in the dotcom bubble and gave way to housing and the financing that paid for it. In each of these recent cases it was the market that discovered and promoted a new engine for growth—creating millions of jobs and trillions in profits worldwide. Between 1996 and 2000, the technology sector created 1. 6 million new jobs, according to Moodys Economy. com—roughly 14 percent of new U. S. job growth. In this decade, the financial sector accounted for a lions share of U. S. corporate profit, while housing accounted for a staggering 40 percent of new U. S. job growth. Now, those two stalled drivers are leading producers of unemployment: Goldman Sachs, the royal house of finance, announced a 10 percent staff cut last week. The world, simply put, needs a new economic driver, a new hot growth industry. † A lot of funds are being invested in the green technology activities like in its research and development, even though the oil prices are reducing and the economic crisis seems to take longer than expected. Whether such investment measures will yield the anticipated success is not a subject that can be experimentally tested. A number of business organizations have been reported to have made huge investments in the green technology, even though there seems to be minimal improvements. As the current economic crisis demand numerous investments to rescue the economy, concerns are being raised on the resources which are being dedicated at rescuing the environment. These concerns are raised while considering the fact that the continued economic crisis could divert the attention of the organizations and the governments in sustaining effective green technologies. Some of the efforts which are being made by the business organizations and the governments include the trade in the carbon market, which seeks to reduce the carbon emissions. On the other hand, the governments are offering stimulus packages for offering support to the financial institutions, which have promoted the carbon trading investments. In a number of occasions, the policies which seek to achieve a sustainable environment seem to take a back seat, when the global economy experiences financial difficulties. International organizations like the United Nations are devising strategies, which seek to reduce the level of carbon emissions through the utilization of the renewable sources of energy. This research paper will make an analysis of the green technologies and its impact on the global economy. A number of benefits of the green technology has been analyzed, besides the measures that the various governments and organizations are taking in reacting to sustain the environment. Going green and fossil fuel In the 1990’s fossil fuels accounted for 85% of the U. S energy use, and today fossil fuels are still the prime movers of industrial life. (Griffin, PG. 2) Although fossil fuels have contributed to global warming the U. S has continued to use it, because of its cheap availability; however, in the recent years it has become scarcer and more expensive. (Griffin, PG. 2) In the 1990’s the U. S oil supply climbed to 17 million barrels a day; however with domestic oil declining the U. S has opted to now import roughly 50% of its crude oil petroleum. (Griffin, PG. 2) As the war continues between the U. S and Iraq the price of oil will continue to rise, and the U. S may need to look into alternative energy. Although the U. S has always had the spending power to burn through resources such as oil and fossil fuels; the current economic crisis is an opportunity for the U. S to become more green and learn that alternative energy can be more affordable in the long run and definitely safer on our environment. Every economic crisis brings opportunities for the U. S to get out of their comfort zone and really do something to move the U. S forward. Alternative energy will be more affordable and will help during the economic crisis. The U. S’s dependency on oil imports has been a concern for years, and now with the economy in bad shape the U. S can take the opportunity to look into moving towards alternative energy. Unlike oil fossil fuels solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower energy are reusable and will not bring an issue of scarceness. One of the issues with our current use of oils fossil fuels is that they have become scarce and therefore, a concern arises with the U. S dependency. Reusable energy will eliminate that threat and the cost benefits in the long run will improve. We do not need to buy sun power to use solar energy, nor do we need to buy the air to get wind energy. The cost to switch to these new systems may be expensive to start, but the maintenance will be more cost efficient than importing oil at the amounts we do and at the current cost. (FT Business, PG. 1) Wind is a favored sub-sector in the BlackRock portfolio because it is affordable, low carbon, and scalable power generation technology of choice. (FT Business, PG. 1) Wind accounts for the largest share of new generation capacity installed in the US and Europe in 2007, respectively at 30% and 40%. (FT Business, PG. 1) Ed Guinness co-manages Guinness Asset Managements Dublin-domiciled says it is not only the cost of fuel that is driving up electricity prices, but also increases in the raw materials needed for construction. (FT Business, PG. 1) He also stated that prices of oil, gas and coal are all increasing tremendously and so are the construction costs of power plants, stating it now costs twice as much to make electricity from new-build gas turbines than it did one year ago making wind and solar energy highly competitive. (FT Business, PG. 1) With that said it is now in the times of economic struggles that America should make change that will be benefited in the years to come. Some manufacturers, such as, agriculture, food processing, metal refining, paper manufacturing and the chemical industry have switched to alternative energy to join the â€Å"Green† campaign that has been moving through the world for years. (Katz, PG. 16) The main alternative energy the manufacturing applications have used is electricity and thermal energy. (Katz, PG. 16) James Lee, an associate professor in the Golisano Institute for Sustainability at the Rochester Institute of Technology, stated that manufacturing companies are working in both of these areas to reduce consumption and expand the use of alternatives to fossil fuel. Many manufacturers are investing in combined heat and power (CHP) systems that produce both electricity and heat for their manufacturing processes. CHP systems increase energy efficiency by making better use of the energy. Using a CHP system also enables companies to produce electricity directly from alternative fuel sources such as biofuels, hydrogen and solid municipal waste. (Katz, PG. 16) Unlike Solar and wind energy, thermal energy is not really a natural resource, but still more cost efficient and less risky to be dependent on than oil fossil fuels.

What is Art? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Intro In late Antiquity the arts consisted of the seven artes liberales, the liberal arts: Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy, and Music. Philosophy was the mother of them all. On a lower level stood the technical arts like architecture, agriculture, painting, sculpture and other crafts. "Art" as we concieve of it today was a mere craft. Art in the Middle Ages was "the ape of nature". And what is art today? Can we give a definition? Sir Roger Penrose, one of the foremost scientists of our time, when faced with a similar problem with regard to the definition of quite something else, viz., consciousness, states in his The Emperor's New Mind: "I do not think that it is wise, at this stage of understanding, to attempt to propose a precise definition of consciousness, but we can rely, to good measure, on our subjective impressions and intuitive common sense as to what the term means ..."[1] The same seems to hold for art: You know what it is, I know it, but a definition is quite something else. You can't say Although one probably cannot give a real definition of Art, here are some thoughts (and a whole lot of quotations) on the subject. Let's start with a quote from "What is Art? What is an Artist?" by Chris Witcombe, Department of Art History, Sweet Briar College, Virginia. "Arthur Danto, professor of philosophy at Columbia University ..., believes that today "you can't say something's art or not art anymore. That's all finished." In his book, After the End of Art, Danto argues that after Andy Warhol exhibited simulacra of shipping cartons for Brillo boxes in 1964, anything could be art. Warhol made it no longer possible to distinguish something that is art from something that is not."[2] Anything could be a work of art. That gives us a lot of freedom in looking at, enjoying, or creating art. That's not what the other philosopher of art, Richard Wollheim states in his Painting as an Art: "So, there are house-painters: there are Sunday painters: there are world-politicians who paint for distraction, and distraught bussiness-men who paint to relax. There are ... psychotic patients who enter art therapy, and madmen who set down their visions: there are little children of three, four, five, six, in art class, who produce work of explosive beauty: and then there are the ... ... Science, Language, Ritual, Cambridge : Cambridge UP, 1997. [Back] Stewart (1995): Ian Stewart, Nature's Numbers: Discovering Order and Pattern in the Universe, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995.[Back] Vargish/Mook (1999): Thomas Vargish and Delo E. Mook, Inside Modernism: Relativity Theory, Cubism, Narrative, New Haven and London : Yale UP, 1999. [Back] Wollheim (1987): Richard Wollheim, Painting as an Art, London : Thames & Hudson, 1987. [Back to note 3] | [Back to note 4] | [Back to note 5] Other Websites about "What is Art?" SITO "Operative Term Is Stimulate" ask the visitors to their site to define art: "We'll accept any definition you're willing to give". What Art Is Abstract and chapter summaries of What Art Is: The Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand by Louis Torres and Michelle Marder Kamhi (Chicago etc. : Open Court, 2000). What is Art? From the website "Art History: A Preliminary Handbook", by Robert J. Belton, Department of Fine Arts, Okanagan University College, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. What is Art? What is an Artist? by Chris Witcombe, Department of Art History, Sweet Briar College, Virginia.

Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay

â€Å" Childs are cherished gifts from God in whom He has planted His really image. Children from the youngest age deserve regard non merely on history of whom they represent but besides on history of who they will finally go † Comenius cited from Early childhood instruction page 90 What are the past beginnings and philosophical constructs of childhood? Has the society ever treated the kid as a ‘whole individual ‘ , given him or her the necessary position in society? Was there a break-through in outlook? The intent of this essay is, to assist me place and derive an apprehension to see whether childhood became an established and recognized clip of life for the kid throughout the centuries. Personally, I believe that, all kids deserve an chance to turn out their capablenesss and that they should be respected as persons. However, until around the 12th century, European society did non believe of childhood as an of import period of development, in the mode that we do today. Children were non cherished as persons. In the Middle Ages, kids had no position in society, and were considered as illumination grownups. Children were trained to go the future productive members of the society or community. Furthermore, the immature kids were non expected to necessitate any particular intervention. However, this quiet attitude, reflected profoundly in the deficiency of schools available. The possibility of holding proper instruction was distant, and considered to be an excessive luxury tantrum merely for male childs coming from affluent households. Children ‘s public assistance and rights were still non recognised or acknowledged. But society ‘s political orientation towards the construct of childhood changed bit by bit from clip to clip. Research shows that finally, kids stopped being considered as a n add-on part to their households ‘ fiscal economic system. Thankss to the enterprise attempts and work of influential international figures, new constructs of childhood were introduced. New systems and reforms were established to give position to the kid. Towards the 20th century instruction replaced child-labour. Unlike old centuries, society acknowledged the assets of the kid ‘s educational part, instead than his fiscal input. Since so, instruction became the chief component of childhood, and has become a necessity. Much can be said about the 20 first century where, individuality and creativeness are synonymous with early childhood.Surveies into the history of childhood during the medieval timesThis was non ever the instance, as one of the most controversial issues of the survey of childhood ‘s history is whether or non kids were treated as illumination grownups. Early surveies into the history of childhood were those of Rams Philippe ( 1962 ) , Centuries of Childhood and De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) The History of Childhood. Both historiographers came to a decision and stated that the kids ‘s public assistance has evolved significantly throughout the centuries.A Both historiographers, image a really negative image of childhood, in the earlier period. Lloyd De Mause ( 1976 ) went every bit far as stating that ; A † The history of childhood is a incubus from which we have merely late begun to rouse, † Furthermore he stated that ; â€Å" The farther back in history one goes, the lower the degree of kid attention, and the more likely kids are to be killed, abandoned, crush, terrorized, and sexually abused † . Lloyd De Mause, ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood ( London, 1976 ) . On the other manus Rams pointed out and supported this thought by stating that, â€Å" It is difficult to believe that this disregard was due to incompetence or incapacity ; it seems more likely that there was no topographic point for childhood in the mediaeval universe. â€Å" ( Aries, 2002, p.33 ) Furthermore, in his book ‘Centuries of childhood ‘ , he continues to prolong this statement by stating that â€Å" there was no construct of childhood as a stateA different to adulthood in these centuries, and hence, even if parents did experience fondness for their progeny, they did non to the full understand how to react to the emotional demands of their kids. ‘ . Aries, Philippe, 1962, Centuries of Childhood, New York: Random House However, this statement was strongly challenged by Hawalt et Al ( 1986 ) . To turn out her point she researched corner inquest records where it was concluded that mediaeval households did in fact make a differentiation between being a kid and an grownup. Hawalt ( 1986 ) Hwang, P.C. , in Lamb, ME. , and Sigel I.E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Images of Childhood. London: Routledge David Archard ( 2001 ) , besides agrees with this sentiment. He argues that â€Å" all societies at all times have had the construct of childhood, that is to state, the construct that kids can be distinguished from grownups in assorted ways † Archard D. , in Heywood. C ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2001 ) A history of Childhood. USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Linda Pollack, ( 1983 ) in her strict research criticised badly all the sentiments of Rams and de Mause and argues that childhood was non every bit austere as it was implied by these two authors. She continues to prolong her point and says, that the parents ever treated their kids in the same manner and that there was no alteration at all during this period. Furthermore, she argues that childhood did non germinate much during this period. A † The texts reveal no important alteration in the quality of parental attention given to, or the sum of fondness felt for babies for the period 1500-1900 † Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children – Parent: Child Relationss from 1500-1900 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ) . It is deserving reflecting that, there are different sentiments of how childhood was perceived throughout the centuries. In order to find this, it is of import to set up if there was a alteration, how it changed, and the concluding result of this alteration.The alteration through Historyâ€Å" Any state and people that truly believes attending to kids ‘s attention and instruction during the early old ages is of incomputable value to society would do every sensible attempt to put in preschool instruction ‘ Early on Childhood Education diary, Vol 32, no 3 December 2004 ( c2004 ) Blended perspectives A Global vision for high Quality E.C.E. Between the 16th and seventeenth century ( pre-industrial period ) , England was chiefly rural and agricultural. During their childhood, childs worked in the Fieldss. If they could non work on their households ‘ farm, they were put to work elsewhere. The modern thought of separating childhood from maturity, started to develop throughout the 16th century. Middle category parents began to demand some signifier of formal educational system for their boies. Consequently, schooling for male childs started acquiring popular. This radical societal attitude towards kids and childhood, now requested new educational commissariats. The figure of new schools began spread outing throughout Europe. Parents preferred that their kids attended school, than directing them to larn accomplishments. By the terminal of the 16th century, and beginning of the seventeenth century, society started dividing the function of a kid from that of an grownup. Grown-ups did non waver to demo this alteration. This new construct of childhood put upper category kids in the spotlight, and they shortly became a beginning of amusement among grownups. They were dressed stylish apparels and were the delectation of their parents. However, another perceptual experience of the construct of childhood shortly arose amongst the church and the moralists, who felt the importance of religious development during these early old ages. They thought that kids needed subject and instruction: the kid was perceived as â€Å" a delicate animal, who must be protected, educated, and moulded in conformity with the current educational beliefs and ends † . ( Aries, 2002, p.35 ) However, during the Victorian age, the idea of holding any primary instruction was still non of import. Britain was still short of any primary educational proviso. The Victorian epoch has been depicted by historiographers, as a foundation of the modern construct of childhood. Paradoxically, during this period, the Industrial revolution promoted child labor. During this epoch, the industrial Revolution brought on new occupations. They worked daily in coal mines and mills. They carried out risky occupations. Children were ideal for these occupations as they were nimble, and could creep into little topographic points between the heavy machines. They were paid less than grownups. Throughout their childhood, male childs and misss had no pick but to work hard, in order to assist their households. This was non considered mean or odd, because parents thought that work was of import for the fiscal state of affairs of their households. Throughout this clip, kids spent their childhood crammed in overcrowded suites and an unsanitary environment. All this resulted in bad wellness, hurts, and sometimes even decease. In his novels, Charles Dickens ( 1812 ) emphasizes on the badness of their childhood. Child manual labor was easy diminished and eventually stopped in Britain. This alteration was brought on through the debut of the mill Acts of 1802-1878. However, the idea of holding any primary instruction was non of import during the Victorian Age. Britain and all Europe were still short of any primary educational proviso. When mandatory instruction was introduced in the 19th century there was a despairing opposition from propertyless households. They needed the kids ‘s rewards and would non interchange them with instruction. Throughout history, many early childhood pedagogues struggled to better kids ‘s instruction and holistic demands. Historically they all sustained the same thought that of kids need drama to develop their maximal potency. These nevertheless is non to stipulate that all these influential figures were of the same sentiment about the instruction and theories of larning. They disagreed on several issues, but all emphasized on the critical importance of a multi-sensory attack to larning Froebel, Montessori and Steiner all agreed and set up touchable stuff which enabled the kid to research and detect the universe around them.. Some other innovators of early childhood assumed that kid ‘s development is to its upper limit because it is an innate accomplishment. Although their construct of kid ‘s development differed, Russeau, Piaget and Vygotsky all agreed that the kid ‘s features were portion of ‘nature ‘ . However, the work and attempt of early innovators contributed to the historical and philosophical alterations which finally improved the function of the kids in society. During the 17th and eighteenth century, â€Å" Monitorial † schools, established by the Quaker, Joseph Lancaster, and the New Lanark simple schools, founded by Robert Owen were the lone foundations which provided instruction for the babies. During this period there was still the thought that instruction throughout childhood was irrelevant. The bulk of the kids did non go to school, as it was non yet mandatory. Boys coming from affluent households had the lone chance for some official instruction. They were provided with simple instruction to assist them with basic literacy, and arithmetic. On the other manus, small misss in England, did non go to school, but stayed at place, to larn how to go good married womans. Disabled kids were besides capable to be neglected and forgotten. However it seems to be the instance, that it was really improbable for kids to hold good quality occupations when they became grownups. Lloyd de Mause ( 1976 ) supports this statement, and says that kid s grew up unable to compose or read. De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) . ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood: London, The Victorians bit by bit realised the importance of the function of the kid during childhood.. Influential reformists started going aware of the true construct of childhood. They started debating the development of kids. Politicians besides become sensitive to the fact that educating kids could be an plus to the future society. Since so this construct of childhood remained dominant in other societies. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) sustains this by â€Å" the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society † Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , and Selbie P ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education. , London: Sage publications Consequently, during the eighteenth and 19th centuries schools started being established by helpers and politicians who believed that society could be of an advantage by holding better educated kids. Furthermore Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) ‘Schools were being developed and systems devised and expanded, non merely by spiritual administrations and helpers, but besides of class by the socially and politically motivated who were driven, non by spiritual strong belief but by a belief that the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society Influential Figures and their doctrine of childhood Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf Many influential figures in history started altering the thoughts, the policies and wonts of how early instruction was perceived by society. Now, it was considered that educating kids would hold societal benefits. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 5, sustains this statement when she wrote and said ‘seeing instruction and schooling as portion of what we could name a societal intercession to do a difference to the lives of hapless and orphaned kids ‘ Some major influential figures who contributed in the development of early childhood instruction are brought up in this survey. Although their thoughts of childhood development were different all of them thought that the kid ‘s unconditioned inclinations and characteristic were portion of ‘nature ‘ and that larning should be by find and non by instructions. Comenius ( 1592-1670 ) , is credited for presenting the first illustration book for kids who was called: â€Å" Orbis Pictus ( The World of Pictures ) . He believed that kids needed images to assist them larn. His doctrine was based upon the thought that, kids should be permitted to play, learn and detect at their ain gait. He compared the kids to ‘seeds ‘ Selbie & A ; Clough ( 2005 ) diary of early childhood research 2005, Sage Publications ( www.sagepublications.com ) Nutbrown C et Al ( 2010 ) pg 113 continues to prolong this and says, that they need a ‘guiding manus to assist them boom ‘ , and that ‘a kid can non be forced to larn ‘ and attentivenesss on to state that ‘A kid will bloom into the flower he or she was created to go ‘ . Furthermore, he believed in societal betterment of inclusive instruction where ‘all kids should have their instruction, whatever their gender and societal category ‘ . In Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2010 ) During the 18th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , a philosopher, first wrote about ‘nurturing ‘ kids as opposed to the ‘repressive ‘ position taken at the clip ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004 ) . Rousseau renowned for his book Emilie, encouraged free drama. He focused on the encompassing scenes. His manner is still followed today in early childhood categories. Following on from his work, other theoreticians have developed changing attacks to the attention and instruction of kids. Pestalozzi ( 1746-1827 ) , Pestalozzi, born in Zurich, believed that kids should ‘discover the universe through activity ‘ . Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2001 ) Pg 112. His want was to educate the kid as a whole person. His involvements in kids ‘s rights makes him an of import focal point of historical and philosophical surveies. He was one of the primary laminitiss of inclusive instruction. He founded a school for misss in 1806. Robert Owen ( 1771-1858 ) , Robert Owen ( 1790 ) started the first simple schools for kids whose parents and older brothers worked in the New Lanark Mills. Furthermore, as stated in the book early childhood instruction, Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) he was ‘making an instruction of the community ‘ . He supported the passage of the Factory Act of 1819, and was the first from prohibiting instructors to hit kids. ‘I support a doctrine of instruction which does its best to cut down any demand for penalty ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) early childhood instruction Sage Publications Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , ‘Children must get the hang the linguistic communication of things before they master the linguistic communication of words ‘ Friedrich Froebel ( 1895 ) Pedagogies of the Kindergarten research publishing house on cyberspace. The Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , a German pedagogue, was one of the early innovators of the reformation of childhood instruction. As an dreamer, he supported the thought, that every kid from birth had educational potency, and that a appropriate educational scene was imperative to assist the kid to go on to turn and develop his or her optimum potency. â€Å" Young kids are to be regarded and tended basically similar workss. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would turn and unfold and flower, by their ain jurisprudence, each harmonizing to its single capacity and fate. † ( Lawrence, 1969, p.195 ) Lawrence, E ( 1969 ) Friedrich Froebel and English Education London, Routledge & A ; Kegan Paul Froebel believed that a kid should larn at his ain gait. The kid should ne'er be hurried or rushed in this childhood development.â€Å" Young animate beings and workss are given remainder, and arbitrary intervention with their growing is avoided, because it is known that the opposite pattern would upset their pure flowering and sound development ; but, the immature human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a ball of clay which adult male can model into what he pleases † ( Froebel, 1907, p. 8 ) .Froebel, F. ( 1907 ) The Education of Man New York, Appleton & A ; Co Froebel s doctrine of instruction was besides based on the importance of drama during childhood through manipulative stuffs, creativeness and motor experience, the latter mentioning to larning through activities. He maintained the thought that a immature kid can merely larn through direct contact with touchable objects. ‘Children are born with a demand to play and research ‘ Nutbrown C et Al pg11 Early Childhood Education Froebel ‘s dream was to make a universe for small kids†¦ a universe which he called kindergarten. Harmonizing to Froebel, â€Å" drama is the freest active manifestation of the kid ‘s inner ego which springs from the demand of that interior life consciousness to recognize itself externally. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.116 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann In Froebel ‘s Kindergarten, activities through drama, enhanced a kid ‘s societal, emotional, physical and rational development. Play was the most of import stairss in the kid ‘s growing. In his surveies one of the most evident elements which fascinated Froebel was the kid innate want to play. â€Å" It is through drama that the kid learns the usage of his limbs, of all his bodily variety meats, and with this usage additions wellness and strength. Through drama he comes to cognize the external universe, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their gestures, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, iˆÂ ­ a cognition that forms the footing of that which will be his lasting stock for life. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.101 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann To prolong his doctrine, he provided the babies with educational playthings to excite their creativeness. Charlotte Mason 1842-1923 Another innovator was Charlotte Mason whose doctrine in educating was by allowing them use their ain senses and larn through experience. She besides encouraged place instruction. Rachel and Margaret Mc Millan ( 1859-1931 ) , The Macmillan Sisters ( 1859 ) dedicated their lives on advancing a combined sort of service, that of societal, wellness and instruction. This was to promote female parents to convey their kids to the baby's room. Children stayed in well-supervised drama countries. They introduced wellness and societal public assistance in their kindergarten schools to cover with a holistic development of the kid. Rudolf Steiner ( 1861-1925 ) , an Austro-Hungarian philosopher believed that larning should be holistic. In his Waldorf schools, trades music and humanistic disciplines played an of import factor in the school ‘s course of study. Whereas, Montessori and Froebel focused on other facets of larning that of single find, Steiner based his thoughts on more societal facets. Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952 ) , Maria Montessori an Italian doctor, worked with hapless and mentally handicapped kids. She taught them self help accomplishments. Montessori besides believed that kids had an unconditioned ability to larn educational accomplishments. In the Montessori environment, kids were encouraged to rectify their ain errors, therefore allowing the kid to be reinforced positively and later will hold an internal satisfaction/ Whilst Froebel believed that concrete objects would besides learn abstract constructs, Maria Montessori believed that kids ‘s acquisition would steer and assist the kid to construct up a better hereafter. Her multi-sensory attack to acquisition is still really popular in kindergarten categories, presents. Susan Sutherland Isaacs ( 1885-1948 ) Another innovator, Susan Isaacs ‘ influence is experienced in nowadays schools. She established the ‘experimenting ‘ Malting House School in 1924. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 54 her doctrine highlighted the construct of ‘discovery ‘ acquisition and drama as the kid ‘s primary instruction. She besides believed in the ‘maximum usage of the out-of-doorss ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 107 Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 Piaget ‘s doctrine besides respects kids as ‘independent scholars ‘ . He argues that kids learn from their self-generated engagement of activities. He besides emphasised the engagement of drama to heighten cognitive development, ‘Piaget viewed drama as a procedure in which the kid is active and through which the kid learns ‘ , ( O'Hagan and Smith, 1993, p.69 ) . O'Hagan, M. & A ; Smith, M. ( 1993 ) Early Old ages Child Care and Education: Key Issues 2nd erectile dysfunction. China: Tindall Piaget spoke about kids during their childhood as being ‘egocentric ‘ , that is to state that because of their restricted cognition of the universe, they have problem understanding the point of position of others. His work presented much unfavorable judgment ; Donaldson ( 1978 ) in peculiar argued that many of Piaget ‘s research lacked relation to existent life. ( Donaldson 1978 ) . Donaldson, M. ( 1978 ) Children ‘s Minds London: Fontana Lev S.Vygotsky ( 1896-1971 ) , Another early theoretician who can be named as a ‘constructivist ‘ is Lev Vygotsky ( 1896-1934 ) . Whilst holding with Piaget that during their childhood, kids were ‘active ‘ scholars, he placed more weight on societal communicating with others, as a manner to excite acquisition. He introduced the ‘zone of proximal development ‘ , Although he besides believed that rational development was natural, he argued that a kid had to hold the counsel of grownups to achieve her optimum potency. ( MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004 ) . MacLeod-Brudenell, I. ( Ed ) ( 2004 ) Advanced Early Years Care and Education Oxford: Heinemann. It can be argued that, the doctrine of these historical figures can be correlated to their reading of the issue of ‘children ‘s rights ‘ . All these past innovators, and present research workers, agree on the fact that there is a really close similarity between the perceptual experience in the construct of childhood, and the claim to kids ‘s rights. All agree that kids have the right to larn. Jalango M.R. et Al, support this thought by saying that â€Å" All immature kids have a right to develop optimally, to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognised, and to hold their acquisition facilitated by caring grownups † Jalongo M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattnark. J. , Laverick D. M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended positions: A Global vision, † Early on Childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3 The construct that acquisition is a procedure which can non be hurried has been continuously echoed through clip by all innovators of Early Childhood instruction. Nowadays kids are continuously made to larn from printed out press releases. It is difficult for me to believe that immature babies can accomplish more from this formal instruction, than they do from experimenting with age- appropriate undertakings. My ideal kindergarten schoolroom is seeing kids experimenting with the nature around them, caring for pets and workss, originative picture, prosecuting themselves in function drama and above all acquiring messy. Acts and Legislations There is no responsibility more of import than guaranting that kids ‘s rights are respected, that their public assistance is protected, that their lives are free from fright and that they can turn up in peace. Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations It is argued that all kids ought to hold an equal chance to show their abilities and should be respected as persons. Unfortunately this was non ever the issue. In 1862, the Revised Code was established. Grants were given to simple schools harmonizing to the class of public presentation and abilities of its students. Gradually the life for hapless kids started altering. It took some clip for the present authorities to make up one's mind that it was of import for the kids to be protected by jurisprudence. Child-labour was discussed in parliament, and it was established that no kid under the age of 10 was allowed to work in a mine. Parliament besides passed a jurisprudence necessitating kids to go to school every hebdomad. This was presented in parliament by Lord Shaftesbury who subsequently on founded and was president of the Ragged School Union. These ‘ragged schools ‘ were for hapless kids. However, school was non yet mandatory, and kids had to pay for this service. The Forster Education Act of 1870 came into force and required that all England would supply simple schools to immature kids. The Mundella Code of 1882 brought on a large alteration. Finally, schooling became mandatory. All kids had to go to school till the age of 10 and subsequently on it became obligatory till the age of 12. Shortly after on, the school ‘s ‘pence ‘ fee was removed so now it was free for all. Discussions started in parliament, to make up one's mind the age when a kid should get down go toing school. The thought of directing the kids a twelvemonth before other European states was brought up by Mundella. He addressed the parliament and said â€Å" I ask you Englishmen and Englishwomen are Austrian kids to be educated before English kids? † ( National Education League 1869:133 ) National Education League 1869:133 ) Report of the General Meetings of the Members of the National Education League. , Birmingham: National Education League After the Second World War, in Britain, the lessening in household siblings and the shuting down of kindergarten schools had lessened the chance for small kids to play and socialize. At that clip, the Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) found it difficult to add to the figure of baby's rooms, as the Ministry of Education Circular 8/60 said that there could be no addition in nursery school proviso. The deficit of LEA baby's room topographic points and the uninterrupted addition of parental consciousness in the small kids ‘s well-being and instruction during their childhood, triggered a new kind of nursery proviso, that of baby's room groups. In 1972, the Secretary of State for Education, Ms. Margaret Thatcher presented a White Paper, which planned for nursery twenty-four hours schools to be provided for the small kids. There was no turning back. Nowadays research shows that kids ‘s rights are recognised internationally. These have been acknowledged in most of the states, through both international and national pacts. The most of import Torahs which contributed to the rights of the kids are, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Declaration of Human Rights, Children Act 1989, the Education Act 2002, Every Child Matters, and the new Childcare Act 2006 which is wholly devoted to early childhood pattern. Clearly now the kid is an active person who â€Å" can lend to society amongst others, and who are much more competent than we choose to believe, and at much younger ages excessively † . Freeman cited in King, ( 2007:210 ) King, M. ( 2007 ) Children ‘s rights to engagement. In Waller, T. ( 2007 ) An debut to Early Childhood. Paul Chapman: LondonThe Establishment of Laws and Acts in MaltaEducation is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf During the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Malta, the huge bulk of Maltese households besides lived in great poorness. Childhood was non much different for Maltese kids. Boys, at a really early age, were sent to labor in Fieldss to assist their households whilst, misss helped their female parents at place. As the Maltese households were really hapless, the necessity to supply their kids with proper instruction was ne'er considered. During the British stay in Malta, the Governor Sir Henry F. Bouviere ( 1836-42 ) engaged Mr. John Austin the High Commission to make research about the state of affairs of the Maltese households. In the Commissioner ‘s study of 1836, Mrs. Sarah Austin commented on the Maltese kids and stated that: â€Å" The moral and rational part of the people is awful. No schools in the Casals, no tolerable instruction for the middling categories, a University whose first professor received ?25 a twelvemonth, no imperativeness, no topographic point for treatment, no intercourse with the English of an amicable and informative type- what wonder if they are nescient and infantile. The lone thing I can non understand is how life is sustained under these fortunes. †Quoted from Dr. David R. Marshall in History of the Maltese Language in Local Education ( Malta, University Press 1971 ) pg 13In 1849, in Malta there were merely 30 primary schools, whilst in Gozo merely two little schools existed. Sir Patrick Joseph Keenan, the Commissioner who was in charge of composing a study about the instruction of kids in Malta, in 1881 besides suggested ‘payment harmonizing to consequences obtained by kids ‘ . Teachers were paid harmonizing to the consequences, which were obtained by the kid s. These had to sit for an test which was given by the ‘inspector ‘ . This system was used in Malta boulder clay 1900. J. Zammit Mangion provinces ; ‘The dictatorship of reading and authorship and calculation was now complete†¦ The kids were trained like arrow to bark at print ‘ . J Zammit Mangion, in op.cit. p.135. In the early 20th century ( 1927 ) a study was carried out in Malta, and Pawlu F. Bellanti ( 1901 ) stated that, â€Å" the fact that about 50 per cent of the lifting coevals are turning up without any kind of preparation or direction is of excessively serious a nature to be left unnoticed. † Bellanti P.F. , Census of the Maltese Islands taken on the Sunday the 31st March, 1901, under Ordinances no X of 1900 and NoIII of 1901, ( Malta Government Printing Office, 1903 ) p.LVII In 1944 the Education act gave rise to the creative activity of other schools and in 1981 the creative activity of particular educational demands schools. The Education Act in Malta came into force in 1988. It declared that obligatory instruction commences at the age of 5 old ages. It besides declared that it was the duty of every parent of a kid to do certain that their baby had to go to school everyday during the whole scholastic twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system It was a interruption through for all the kids. Inclusive instruction was besides a large issue and the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum ( 1999 ) , dedicates a subdivision to early childhood instruction and acknowledges inclusive Education as one of the basic rules in instruction. By contrast to old centuries, a kid with a disablement now attends a mainstream kindergarten, with other kids. In 2000 The Equal Opportunities Act was established in ParliamentInfo. The Equal Opportunities Act ( 2000 ) spoke about inclusion and stated that it was against the jurisprudence for an educational entity to know apart against handicapped kids hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-systemMy memories of childhoodâ€Å" All immature kids have the right to develop optimally to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognized and to hold their acquisition installations by caring grownups † Jalango M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattmark. J. , Laverick De Anna M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended Positions: A planetary vision ( from ) Early on childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3, December 2004 The class of developing the construct of childhood is an on-going uninterrupted pattern. In the twentieth century the most critical alteration in the public assistance of kids was the dramatic reformation in wellness issues and instruction. Governments funded societal benefits which later, enabled the kid to widen his or her life anticipation and to hold a better instruction. Vaccines and medical specialty were administered to extinguish childhood diseases and schools were established all over Europe. However, I was raised up in Gozo, the little sister island of Malta, and traditions were still more dominant. Religion was the chief focal point of the community and households. I attended a convent school run by a spiritual society. The sisters in the baby's room ran the kindergarten school in a really regime manner. We ever started our twenty-four hours with supplications and anthem. Morning lessons started with mathematics and we would declaim over and over once more a set of Numberss. A paragraph from the Holy Bible was read every forenoon by the female parent superior, whilst we subsequently chanted Psalmss until we got them perfect. However, I do n't hold affectionate memories of this school, as I still retrieve the gustatory sensation of pod liver oil which I had to digest as a ‘compulsory daintiness ‘ . I was ne'er allowed to larn through geographic expedition or drama. No stimulating or originative activities were introduced. However an enriched nurturing environment was provided at place. My childhood memories at place with my household are both memorable and positive. A balanced life was maintained where my emotional and physical basic demands were provided and catered for. Like a sponge I absorbed the basic foundations of maturity which finally helped me take duties of a parent. My parents provided me with love, instruction, protection and were my role-models. Fantastic odors filled our house and my place was a topographic point of comfort and love. As a kid I remember holding completed my prep, embarking outside and playing in the empty streets. It was traditional to play in the quiet backstreets. We invented new games and played ‘hopscotch ‘ , ‘catch ‘ , ‘hide and seek ‘or beads and marbles. We engaged ourselves in ‘miniature grownup ‘ function and we played for really long periods without any grownup ‘s supervising or intervention. This playing in the street allowed me to increase my creativeness, develop my leading and enabled me to work as a group. It is through drama that I interacted with the universe around me. It brought out the maximal potency of my childhood ‘s development – intellectually, physically, socially and emotionally. Childhood at the bend of the 20 first century Paradoxically, at the bend of the 20 first century, history is reiterating itself. It is deserving reflecting, that we are rekindling the thoughts of past innovators and later go throughing them on as our ain â€Å" new † thoughts. This is supported by Rosemary Peacocke ( 1999 ) , when she stated that it is a affair of â€Å" old vino in new bottles, old Plasticine in new forms † . She continues to prolong her positions by stating that history comes as a â€Å" round way † . Whilst Cathy Nutbrown ( 2010 ) besides supports this thought and claims that â€Å" nil is new, thoughts merely repeat † . I ask, do we larn from history, or do we perpetrate the same errors? Lesley Abbott and Helen Moylett ( 1999 ) Early Education Transformed. London: Palmer PressCathy Nutbrown, Peter Clough, Philip Selbie ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education History Philosphy and Experience. London: Sage Publications BibliographyResearch workers of the hereafter will maintain mentioning to the instructions of past philosophers, in hope of accomplishing the perfect consequence for the optimum upbringing of kids, that of nurturing, and educating each kid to achieve his or her maximal possible through her childhood â€Å" It is indispensable to hold a better conceptual articulation of what good early childhood instruction is, with appropriate appraisal and rating, which does non cut across its valuable traditions † . ( Bruce, 1997, p.204 ) Bruce, T. ( 1997 ) Early on Childhood Education London, Hodder & A ; Stoughton Ironically many of the thoughts that shaped the kids ‘s features of past century still use today. Children still work, the difference being, that sometimes they do odd occupations to gain excess pocket money to purchase new entertaining engineerings. Girls are non needed as ‘little mas ‘ anymore, but play practical households on the computing machine. Since the beginning of indoor activities such as computer/ picture games, and telecasting, serious concerns have evolved about childhood-life. The freedom of childhood which was so much believed in, and encouraged by early innovators is being now endangered by the fright of development of new engineerings. Today the modern construct of childhood is that society position kids as â€Å" societal existences, active in the building of their ain worlds and subjectivenesss and hence potentially active in the building and deconstruction of dominant political orientations † ( Cole, 2004, p.6 ) Cole, M ( 2004 ) † Time to Emancipate the Mind: primary Schools in the New Century † Primary Teaching Studies, August 2004, Trentham Books Life for kids is once more being restricted, as now they live in big blocks of flats, with small infinite or clip to be originative. Much can be debated about the continued being of kids ‘s street civilization which reigned supreme during my childhood! Is this ‘golden epoch ‘ for kids? Decision Despite all this, in this exciting clip of uninterrupted development, I have to acknowledge that this century is offering kids in their early old ages, better public assistance and acquisition chances, which are appropriate to their single demands. The attitude of society towards the construct of childhood throughout the centuries has changed in a positive manner, and society presents perceives childhood as an of import factor in a kid ‘s life. Unlike kids of past ages, now have position in society and are persons. Qvortrup, ( 1994 ) besides supports this fact by stating that â€Å" Childs today are no longer seen as uncomplete grownups non yet able to take part in societal life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society † Qvortrup, J. , M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger ( 1994 ) Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics. Aldershot: Avebury.